Achieving Diversity in Your Investment Portfolio

Achieving Diversity in Your Investment Portfolio

By Richard F. O’Boyle, Jr., MBA, LUTCF

As you approach retirement, and even during retirement, you want to diversify your portfolio to protect what you’ve earned and to grow more. Getting to this point wasn’t easy so you will need to exercise caution. But you likely want to achieve real growth in the next few years, to maximize your enjoyment during retirement, and to leave something behind for the ones you love. I’ve laid out some of the best ways you can do both. By engaging in some safe and secure allocations, you’ll protect your funds from the whims of time. By taking on some risk, you’ll stand a greater chance of adding to the wealth you’ve already accumulated.

1)    Bonds. Bonds are a relatively stable form of investment. In effect, when you buy a bond, you are lending money to an entity (Federal government, state, municipality or corporation) and will recoup the loan plus interest over the duration of the bond’s term. Federal government bonds have never defaulted in the history of the United States. What’s more, your bond money will generally grow in value faster than the present rate of inflation. Therefore, you won’t lose buying power, while increasing your wealth slightly. Unfortunately, there is a payoff for the security that bonds provide. Just as there is little risk or loss, there is little hope of large gains on this kind of investment. As you age, you’ll want to allocate more and more of your portfolio in secure bonds, but you also want to leave yourself a little wiggle room to grow. This is where the other kinds of investment come in.

2)    Stocks/ETFs/Mutual Funds. If you have invested at all, you likely know about these. These are the riskier cousin to bonds. Buying stocks is buying a little share in a company – which allows you to benefit from the growth of that company. By spreading out your investment across many stocks, through index mutual funds, you will follow the historical upward trajectory of the market overall. Of course, sometimes the market drops and, when it does, your investment will decline with it. But generally, the market grows over the long term. If you expect to have many years or even decades ahead of you, a significant allocation of stocks may be appropriate. You may even be comfortable with more than average. Wisdom typically dictates that you have your age reserved in bonds (a 45-year-old will have 45% of her portfolio in bonds). The remaining amount will be in stocks, or spread out in other kinds of investments.

3)    Binaries, Real Estate, and Alternatives. Spread Betting is a quick way to see return on your investment. It is the quickest way, actually, though caution is urged because you can see a loss just as easily. Other common investment forms like Real Estate and investment in specific business enterprises are less risk-prone, but do not offer the same speed of return as spread bets. Some people feel comfortable investing in gold and other static commodities. While it is impossible to anticipate how something like gold will change in value, its inherent worth is comforting to those who don’t have the same understanding of the stock world.

A diversified portfolio, properly stocked, will carry you through your retirement in comfort and security. Talk to your financial professional about the above options, and about how to best implement your retirement portfolio for your personal needs.

Year End Retirement Tips 2015

by Richard F. O’Boyle, Jr., LUTCF, MBA

As another year winds down – and another begins – it behooves us to take a look at our current retirement plans and make necessary adjustments.

Retirement Plan Contributions for 2015

You may have limited time to maximize your retirement plan contributions for the tax year 2015. Most people can stash money into traditional IRAs and Roth IRAs as late as April 15, 2015 (for tax year 2015), but some plans have to be filled before December 31, 2015.

The annual limit for traditional IRAs and Roth IRAs is $5,500 for 2015 ($6,500 if you are over age 50) – and must be deposited by April 15, 2015. Company-sponsored and Union/Non-Profit plans such as 401(k), 403(b) and 457 plans allow 2015 contributions up to $17,500 or $23,000 (age 50+).

If you have not yet maximized your 401(k) contribution for this current year, you may want to change your contribution percentage before the end of the year. You can increase the percentage of your salary that is contributed (and reduce your take-home pay). Contributions to deferred plans reduce your current taxable income.

Retirement Plan Contributions for 2015

The IRS has left retirement plan contributions for 2015 at the same levels as 2015. But the thresholds for qualifying for Roth IRAs is increasing slightly. If your adjusted gross income is less than $129,000 (for singles) or $191,000 (for married persons filing jointly) then you are eligible to contribute to a Roth IRA. Eligibility starts to phase out if you earn more than $114,000 (singles) and $181,000 (couples).

Year-End Tax Strategies

If you want to reduce your taxable income for 2015, you may consider paying off more expenses that you can deduct. For example, some people will prepay their real estate taxes, homeowner’s insurance premiums or make mortgage payments in advance that would normally be due in early 2015.

Deductions for Medical Expenses

For 2015 the amount of medical expenses required to reach the deductible threshold has increased for people under age 65.  You must have medical expenses greater than or equal to 10% of your adjusted gross income in order to be able to deduct them. People aged 65 and older only need expenses of 7.5% through 2017.

Health Insurance Individual Mandate

Beginning in 2015, individuals are required to carry health insurance either through their employer or individually. In order to set an individual plan in place for a January 1, 2015 effective date, people shopping on the government Insurance Marketplace (http://www.healthcare.gov) and for New Yorkers (http://www.nystateofhealth.com) must sign up for (and pay for) a plan by December 23, 2015. The actual mandate kicks in March 31, 2015.

Health Savings Account Contributions

If you have a high-deductible health insurance plan that includes a tax-preferred Health Savings Account, you can still maximize your contributions for 2015. The contribution limit for 2015 is $3,250 for individuals and $6,450 for families. The maximum takes into account both employer and employee contributions to the HAS. For those 55 and older the maximum is increased by $1,000.

Social Security and Medicare in 2015

The Social Security Administration will increase benefits by 1.5% in 2015. Medicare Part B premiums will remain at $104.90 per month, but high-income individuals will see the surcharge for Part B and Part D increase slightly.

How Much Life Insurance Do I Need?

Most people buy term life insurance to provide for their family’s financial needs in the event that we die while they are still dependent on us. Permanent life insurance is also a useful wealth transfer tool when used for estate planning, as well as a modest savings vehicle. But far and away, life insurance is used by families to pay the mortgage, raise the children and put them through college if we die young.

Generally the first step in the life insurance buying process is to find an agent who you can trust and work comfortably with. The agent will help you to determine how much life insurance you should carry, what type(s), and from which company.

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Retirement Plan Limits for 2015

by Richard F. O'Boyle, Jr., LUTCF, MBA

The Internal Revenue Service is boosting the maximum contribution that workers can make to their 401(k), 403(b) and most 457 retirement plans without paying upfront taxes. The limit will rise by $500 to $17,000 for 2015. Workers over 50 can add another $5,500 to that. Individuals may still contribute $5,000 to traditional IRAs or Roth IRAs, or $6,000 if older than 50.

The deduction for taxpayers making contributions to a traditional IRA is phased out for singles and heads of household who are covered by a workplace retirement plan and have modified adjusted gross incomes (AGI) between $58,000 and $68,000, up from $56,000 and $66,000 in 2015. For married couples filing jointly, in which the spouse who makes the IRA contribution is covered by a workplace retirement plan, the income phase-out range is $92,000 to $112,000, up from $90,000 to $110,000. For an IRA contributor who is not covered by a workplace retirement plan and is married to someone who is covered, the deduction is phased out if the couple’s income is between $173,000 and $183,000, up from $169,000 and $179,000.

The AGI phase-out range for taxpayers making contributions to a Roth IRA is $173,000 to $183,000 for married couples filing jointly, up from $169,000 to $179,000 in 2015. For singles and heads of household, the income phase-out range is $110,000 to $125,000, up from $107,000 to $122,000. For a married individual filing a separate return who is covered by a retirement plan at work, the phase-out range remains $0 to $10,000.

The AGI limit for the saver’s credit (also known as the retirement savings contributions credit) for low-and moderate-income workers is $57,500 for married couples filing jointly, up from $56,500 in 2015; $43,125 for heads of household, up from $42,375; and $28,750 for married individuals filing separately and for singles, up from $28,250.

Should I Replace My Life Insurance or Annuity Policy?

by Richard F. O'Boyle, Jr., LUTCF, MBA

Life insurance and annuity contracts are intended to be medium- to long-term agreements. Term life insurance policies often have 20-year durations, and many annuity contracts have 8-year surrender periods. But in some cases, it makes sense to cancel or replace a contract with a new one. When should you cancel or replace your life insurance or annuity policy?

You may consider making the change if:
- The term is expiring on your old policy and the rate is sky-rocketing;
- Your health has improved from the time when you originally applied for your policy, for example, you may have quit smoking, lost a lot of weight, controlled diabetes, or passed five years after cancer. Many companies will allow you to take a new medical and keep the existing policy with a new lower rate;
- The rate on a permanent policy may have become unaffordable and it is at risk of lapse. Consider reducing the death benefit (and thus the premium) or using cash values and dividends to pay the premium over the short term;
- Companies change the contract terms on newer policies for Universal Life from time to time. Consider switching to a different UL policy if the crediting interest rate or guaranteed minimum are better or if the monthly costs of insurance are lower. Keep in mind that as you get older your underlying costs get higher;
- A 1035 exchange allows you to transfer the cash values of a life insurance policy or annuity contract directly into a new contract without exposing the cash to taxation. Again, make sure that the terms of the new contract are more favorable. With an annuity, you should check the guaranteed minimum interest rate, since on older contracts it may be much higher.

New York requires a lengthy process to replace a life insurance or annuity contract. This is designed to ensure that both you and your agent “do the math” to make sure the new policy costs are fully disclosed, that the new policy is suitable for your needs and you both quantify the costs and benefits before changing plans.

When considering replacing or cancelling your life insurance policy, keep in mind that by starting a new policy, you have a new two-year “contestability” period where there might be limits on the payout of the death benefit. Never cancel a policy until the new policy is in force, even if it means paying premiums for both policies for one month.

How to Choose a Life Insurance Agent or Financial Advisor

by Richard F. O’Boyle, Jr., MBA, LUTCF

The process of working with a life insurance agent or financial advisor should not be stressful, although frequently it is. I have spent many hours with nervous couples who were so anxious about being “sold” something they didn’t really need or understand that they couldn’t focus on the constructive task before them. This is largely because insurance agents and financial advisors have the reputation of being commission-hungry sharks.

When you entrust the management of your retirement nest egg or your family’s life insurance safety net to a professional, you should walk away with a peace of mind that you are putting your finances on the right track. A good agent is not only knowledgeable about the technical aspects of planning, but also can “consult” with you to learn exactly who you are and what you need.

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Book Review: “Buckets of Money: How to Retire in Comfort and Safety,” by Raymond J. Lucia, CFP

Book Review: “Buckets of Money: How to Retire in Comfort and Safety,” by Raymond J. Lucia, CFP (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004)
by Richard F. O’Boyle, Jr., LUTCF, MBA
“The Insider’s Guide to Retirement and Insurance Planning”
http://www.retirementandinsurance.com

We’re taught to save throughout our working years to fund our retirement – diligently socking money into our 401(k)s and paying down our debt. But once we flip the switch and settle into a presumably worry-free retirement, how do we effectively and efficiently spend down our assets in those golden years? Ray Lucia, a Certified Financial Planner with a celebrity’s flair, helps us to answer this tough question with his “buckets of money” planning strategy.

The gist of “Buckets of Money” is that our nest eggs should be separated into three “buckets” of ultra-safe income streams, conservative medium-term assets and aggressive stock funds. Over seven-year cycles, the funds are depleted and shifted into the next immediate bucket to be used for current income. The buckets strategy leaps the key retirement planning hurdle by providing safety, growth, diversification, tax-efficiency and lifetime income. The book identifies which investments are appropriate for which buckets, along with guidelines for the proportions of each.

The book reads like a infomercial, but don’t let that turn you off. The general discussion of asset classes and products (stocks, bonds, annuities, etc.) is valuable for the novice and experienced investor alike. His comprehensive perspective honestly allows him to cover all potential investment classes. Mr. Lucia isn’t trying to sell you on anything other than his planning strategy (and he does that well).

Mr. Lucia’s website contains some notes on changes, but I’d like to see a fully updated edition of the book. For example, the buckets strategy recommends real estate holdings of as much as 20% of a portfolio in the form of real estate investment trusts. Given the 2015 mortgage meltdown, perhaps that should be reconsidered. Mr. Lucia only skims past the important backstop that life, disability and long-term care insurance provide as we switch our retirement portfolio from accumulation mode to distribution mode. Fortunately, the author takes into account the complexities of the tax code since intelligent tax planning can make or break a retirement plan. The book’s numerous statistical examples remain useful today.

The worksheets included in the book are quite easy to use. While the potential to “do it yourself” is there for the experienced investor who has a trusted advisor, I wouldn’t recommend that an individual adjust her portfolio without consulting a professional. I’m not sure if the buckets strategy is an “all or nothing” approach to investing. Any retirement plan can benefit from the non-controversial concepts presented here.

Fee-based vs. Commission-based Financial Planners: The Pros and Cons

by Richard F. O’Boyle, Jr., LUTCF, MBA
“The Insider’s Guide to Retirement and Insurance Planning”
http://www.retirementandinsurance.com
Throughout this article, I have referred to “financial planner” in the general sense to indicate advisors who work with life insurance, annuities, disability coverage and retirement planning. A “Certified Financial Planner” is a specific professional designation.

It’s common knowledge that you have to spend money to make money and having a professional financial planner in your court is a smart investment, but should you go with an advisor who charges you a flat fee or one who works on commission?

There are certainly pros and cons to each type and it may boil down to the financial planner you feel most comfortable with, regardless of how they make their living. When looking for any type of professional help, it’s always a good idea to seek out recommendations. Ask friends, family or co-workers what their experiences have been with financial planners and see if they think highly enough of theirs to give a good review. Reputation is everything in this field, so try to avoid inexperienced, poorly reviewed investment advisors.

Fee-based financial planners work by the hour, which may sound simple enough. They charge a set hourly fee or, in some cases, a flat fee for their services. The catch is, most fee-based planners also earn commission based on the financial products they sell. This can cause a conflict between your interests and theirs and your portfolio may end up suffering for it.

There are several different ways that fee-based planners charge:
- A percentage of assets under management
- Flat fees in the form of an annual retainer
- Hourly fees with a cap on the total amount
- Any combination of the above

It should be noted that “fee-based” is not the same thing as “fee-only.” Investment advisors who only charge a fee may be more impartial because they only work for the fees charged to clients, whether that is an hourly fee or an a la carte rate. Generally, fee-only financial planners focus on analyzing portfolios as a whole, so they have to be well versed in all areas. These include college financial aid, real estate, retirement and much more. With no commission to worry about, they might not pressure you into any products or investments. It’s in their best interest to grow your assets, since they may be paid more over time.

Commission-based financial planners are the opposite of fee-only advisors in that they earn money solely on the investments they sell. Most life insurance agents are paid commissions by the insurance company when they place a case. Remember, the insurance company pays the advisor the commission, not the client. When working with a commission-based advisor, you need to be sure that they respect your choices and share with you the available options. If it feels like the advisor is being overly forceful with a certain type of investment, especially one that you are not comfortable with, that’s a sure sign that they are thinking more of themselves than your portfolio.

New York requires life insurance agents to disclose when they are paid by commission. Commission rates on fixed annuities, term life insurance or whole life insurance are generally consistent across all insurance companies. It’s rare to have a company pay much higher than average commissions, unless it’s a product like a variable annuity, indexed annuity or life insurance contract.

Some investors may be best suited to having a good commission-based advisor:
- Investors with small portfolios that require much less management
- Clients who needs a basic review or analysis of their portfolio
- People looking for a specific product such as life insurance

Commission-based advisors may have access to better facilities and other financial professionals such as analysts and traders etc. They may also have the backing of a respected and renowned firm. Most fee-based advisors work independently, although they may have past experience as a commission-based advisor.

Regardless of how your advisor gets paid, remember that they are the financial professional and have the experience, education and drive to see your investments succeed, so take any advice to heart, even if you don’t act on it. If your commission-based advisor pressures you into active trading, because this is one way they receive bigger commissions, remind them that they are working for you, not the other way around. Always clarify how your advisor is being paid, if they don’t come right out and tell you at the outset.

No matter how you pay your financial planner, saving money and increasing your investments should be their top priority. The commission vs. fees debate is a hot topic in the world of financial planning, but it’s always best to work with someone you can personally trust, regardless of how they come by their paycheck.

Understanding Insurance Company Financial Ratings

Understanding Insurance Company Financial Ratings
by Richard F. O’Boyle, Jr., LUTCF, MBA

Triple A, Gone Away
Well, it’s official: The United States Government no longer has a perfect credit score. On August 5, 2015 its credit rating was lowered by Standard & Poor’s to AA+ from AAA. The rating on the debt of the federal government and some specific agencies such as mortgage giants Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac was lowered because S&P deemed it more risky due to the ballooning federal debt and the inability of the political process to reform entitlement programs.

In theory the four top rating agencies – Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s, A.M. Best and Fitch’s – are the arbiters of the Country’s credit score. Despite all the sound and fury from the politicians in Washington, there are some real-life implications for people on Main Street. The lowering by S&P by one notch effectively brings the country’s FICO score down to something like 775 from 800.

It’s not that dramatic since only one of the top four rating agencies took such a drastic approach (the others said the Government’s problems are long-term and would not immediately affect their ratings). I’d like to note that some smaller agencies had already taken the politically unpalatable step of lowering the country’s rating. Let’s also keep in mind that S&P has been under serious political pressure to “get real” about its rating since it did such a pathetic job of rating all of those toxic mortgage-backed securities (see “The Big Short”).

Given all of the political pressure from Congress regarding the mortgage securities fiasco of the last three years, it’s ironic that they should come to downgrade the U.S. Government’s rating. Expect to see “show trials” (i.e., Congressional hearings) in Washington demonizing the rating agencies. Again, it’s ironic since the U.S. has been less than reliable when accounting for future liabilities such as Social Security and Medicare.

But, again, let’s put politics aside and investigate the “real life” implications of the aforementioned “downgrade:”

Insurance Company Ratings: What Do They Mean?
In tandem with the downgrade of the Government’s credit rating, S&P also lowered the AAA rating of a handful of the most stellar insurance companies. They also put the rest of the insurance industry on a “Negative” outlook (downgraded from “Stable”), mainly because of the heavy exposure they all have to U.S. securities in their reserve portfolios.

Companies downgraded to AA+ (Negative Outlook) from AAA (Stable Outlook):
New York Life
Northwestern Mutual
Teachers Insurance & Annuity Association (TIAA-CREF)
Knights of Columbus
United Services Automobile Association (USAA)

Companies rated AA+ with “Stable Outlook” reduced to “Negative Outlook:”
Guardian Life Insurance Company of America
Berkshire Hathaway, Inc.
Assured Guaranty Corp.
Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Co.
Western & Southern Financial Group, Inc.

Does this mean that your life insurance company is about to go bankrupt ? Most likely, not. What it does mean is that S&P has decided that insurance companies that invest heavily in one country’s bonds can not have a higher credit rating than the actual bonds that they hold. So, in lockstep, if the U.S. rating goes down, so must the companies that hold a lot of U.S. debt. Needless to say, the affected insurance companies say they are unfairly being hit due to Washington’s political gridlock and that they still merit AAA ratings.

Going forward, the insurance companies will bolster their overall credit ratings by selling off their lower quality assets and buying higher quality ones. This may effectively improve their balance sheets over the long term and even increase their exposure to U.S. debt instruments. S&P maintained AAA ratings on many municipal bonds, so there still are high-quality assets for the insurance companies to put into their reserves. The reason the top handful of companies actually had the best ratings is that often they are better judges of quality than even the rating agencies.

The lowering of the U.S.’ credit rating, in the immediate term, has not led to a sell-off in U.S. Treasury assets. But indeed, we have seen a “flight to quality” as many investors see the U.S. Treasury Bonds as the “cleanest shirt in a hamper full of dirty shirts.” (I believe I can credit economics guru Nouriel Roubini for this analogy on Bloomberg Radio). In effect, U.S. assets at AA+ are still better quality than many European bonds.

Ultimately, the jury is still on whether interest rates on mortgages and credit cards will spike up. Longer term interest rates will be affected more by the strength or weakness of the overall economy and the amount of stimulus provided by the Federal Reserve and Congressional budget committees.

Why Ratings Still Matter
So why do we even care about ratings attributed to countries or businesses or individual financial products? Haven’t the rating agencies done an awful job to date? Are the folks with the green eyeshades who are crunching the numbers and giving their seal of approval so corrupted by the profit motive or fearful of political retaliation that they can’t “do the math” objectively?

In short, there are two reasons: First, we need some type of financial yardstick to compare countries, companies and bonds. There really are no guarantees associated with a rating of “AAA,” for example. It’s just a relative measure and only useful when compared to something with a “B+,” for example. Secondly, a rating gives us the assurance that someone who is somewhat objective with some kind of sophisticated financial education has looked at all the footnotes and read all the fine print… because G-d knows nobody else has (sometimes not even the salespeople). Of course, recent events have dramatically shown that the current system has failed. Unfortunately, it’s the only system we have.

So let’s take a look what the ratings of life insurance companies really mean. Given the hundreds of life insurance companies offering policies in the U.S. it can be a challenge to compare their relative financial strengths and ability to pay claims. The top rating agencies review in detail the accounting statements of publicly traded companies as well as private or mutual life insurance companies. Based on their reviews and further research into competitive intelligence and other sources, they will give an opinion on the credit-worthiness of the life insurance company and assign letter grades to each company and its subsidiaries. Furthermore, agencies will often note what direction they think future rating will head in their “outlook” for the company or industry.

Keep in mind that while the core attribute the rating agencies look at is “financial strength,” they also take into account how well the company operates as a business, the size of their market share, exposure to other businesses (such as investment management advice or property & casualty lines) and overall business mix. For example, every year, S&P positively noted New York Life “outstanding field sales force” as a competitive advantage.

How to Compare Life Insurance Company Ratings From Different Agencies
I’m a big fan of the old adage, “Life is too short to drink bad wine.” With the hundreds of available life insurance companies out there, does it make sense to go with a middle-tier company when there are already so many top-notch ones? Similarly, with all the five star mutual funds rated by Morningstar, why would you invest in a three star fund? A life insurance company’s rating is effectively a guide to its underlying financial strength and its ability to pay its claims when the time comes for you to collect the death benefit.

Keep in mind that many companies have subsidiaries that have similar sounding names (often due to state regulations or their own business strategies). When researching your specific company make sure that you are looking at the actual company that is underwriting the life insurance contract. For example, “MetLife” may actually be “MetLife Investors” if it is the 30-year term plan in New York. Your agent should be able to give you the exact company name. Your state insurance commission will have regular filings from each company that sells life insurance it that state.

Each rating agency uses its own proprietary methodology and mathematical model to assess the strength of the insurance companies they review. They look at factors such as the quality of the insurer’s assets and reserves; their source(s) of funding; profitability based on a review of public financial records and filings; market share in different product categories; management talent; and competitive market analysis compared to other insurers.

Here’s how the various rating agency “grades” match up:

Rank	A. M. Best	Standard & Poor's	Moody's	Fitch	Numerical Grade (*)	Comdex Score (#)
1	A++ Superior	AAA Extremely Strong	Aaa Exceptional	AAA	9.0	100
2	A+ Superior	AA+ Very Strong	Aa1 Excellent	AA+	8.3
3	A Excellent	AA Very Strong	Aa2 Excellent	AA	8.0	90
4	A- Excellent	AA- Very Strong	Aa3 Excellent	AA-	7.7
5	B++ Good	A+ Strong	A1 Good	A+	7.3
6	B+ Good	A Strong	A2 Good	A	7.0	80
7	B Fair	A- Strong	A3 Good	A-	6.7
8	B- Fair	BBB+ Good	Baa1 Adequate	BBB+	6.3	70
9	C++ Marginal	BBB Good	Baa2 Adequate	BBB	6.0
10	C+ Marginal	BBB- Good	Baa3 Adequate	BBB-	5.7
11	C Weak	BB+ Marginal	Ba1 Questionable <![if !supportLineBreakNewLine]> <![endif]>	BB+	5.3
12	C- Weak	BB Marginal	Ba2 Questionable <![if !supportLineBreakNewLine]> <![endif]>	BB	5.0	40
13	D Poor	BB- Marginal	Ba3 Questionable <![if !supportLineBreakNewLine]> <![endif]>	BB-	4.7
14	E Under Regulatory Supervision	B+ Weak	B1 Poor	B+	4.3	20
15	F In Liquidation	B Weak	B2 Poor	B	4.0
16	S Suspended	B- Weak	B3 Poor	B-	3.7
17		CCC+ Very Weak	Caa1 Very Poor	CCC+	3.3
18		CCC Very Weak	Caa2 Very Poor	CCC	3.0
19		CCC- Very Weak	Caa3 Very Poor	CCC-	2.7
20		CC Extremely Weak	Ca Extremely Poor	CC	2.0
21		R Regulatory Action	C Lowest	C

(*) Numerical Grade conversions courtesy of The New York Times(#) Comdex ranks insurance companies based on what other rating agencies have given them. The companies are then graded on a percentile system with only the top five companies in the 100th percentile, and others falling into the scale below that. The placement of the numerical rankings in the chart is my approximation.

Links to Rating AgenciesAM BestFitchMoody’sStandard & Poor'sWeissComdex Score

Three Simple Steps to Avoid Probate

Tricks of the Trade: Three Simple Steps to Avoid Probate
by Richard F. O'Boyle, Jr., LUTCF, MBA

Much is said about the value of avoiding probate, the legal process where your will (if you have one) is validated and its provisions carried out. Complicated estates can be tied up for years with legal maneuvering and family wrangling. Most cases are straight-forward and uncomplicated – but they can still be time-consuming and emotionally draining.

First, you can free up some resources for your heirs by carefully naming them as beneficiaries on savings and checking accounts, adding them to the title of a car or boat, or including them on the deed of a piece of real estate. Designating some assets as “payable on death,” “transfer on death” or “in trust for” can accelerate the transfer of these assets to your intended beneficiaries. They just need to show copies of their identification and your death certificate to the bank or motor vehicles department.

If you are concerned that your heirs will have trouble paying taxes or expenses immediately after your death, carefully take stock of your smaller assets. This is particularly helpful for people who do not have a will or are not legally married to their spouses. You can free up these resources for them while the estate works itself through the probate process.

Second, most of your big assets such as your house, life insurance, pension, retirement plan or investment account should already have named beneficiaries or joint owners, which means they pass to the intended person (or trust) immediately upon death and avoid probate. Make copies of the signed and dated beneficiary designation forms and keep them in a safe place with your other financial records. Banks and insurance companies are not infallible – they lose these documents all the time! Make sure that you name contingent beneficiaries and tertiary beneficiaries. The last thing you want is for these important assets to wind up in your estate. They will be subject to death taxes, the vagaries of the probate process and (in the case of IRAs) immediate taxation.

Finally – but most importantly – make sure that you have a will. While this doesn’t “avoid” probate, it simplifies the process dramatically. If you have minor children, an unmarried spouse or even remotely complicated family affairs, at a minimum you should have a simple will. Attorneys can prepare a simple will for a few hundred dollars or you can use a software product or online service for a fraction of that cost. If you don’t already have a will, or it hasn’t been updated since you have had major changes in your life, make it a point to get one signed before the end of the year.

Book Review: “Buckets of Money: How to Retire in Comfort and Safety”

“Buckets of Money: How to Retire in Comfort and Safety,” by Raymond J. Lucia, CFP (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004)
by Richard F. O’Boyle, Jr., LUTCF, MBA
“The Insider’s Guide to Retirement and Insurance Planning”
http://www.retirementandinsurance.com

We’re taught to save throughout our working years to fund our retirement – diligently socking money into our 401(k)s and paying down our debt. But once we flip the switch and settle into a presumably worry-free retirement, how do we effectively and efficiently spend down our assets in those golden years? Ray Lucia, a Certified Financial Planner with a celebrity’s flair, helps us to answer this tough question with his “buckets of money” planning strategy.

The gist of “Buckets of Money” is that our nest eggs should be separated into three “buckets” of ultra-safe income streams, conservative medium-term assets and aggressive stock funds. Over seven-year cycles, the funds are depleted and shifted into the next immediate bucket to be used for current income. The buckets strategy leaps the key retirement planning hurdle by providing safety, growth, diversification, tax-efficiency and lifetime income. The book identifies which investments are appropriate for which buckets, along with guidelines for the proportions of each.

The book reads like a infomercial, but don’t let that turn you off. The general discussion of asset classes and products (stocks, bonds, annuities, etc.) is valuable for the novice and experienced investor alike. His comprehensive perspective honestly allows him to cover all potential investment classes. Mr. Lucia isn’t trying to sell you on anything other than his planning strategy (and he does that well).

Mr. Lucia’s website contains some notes on changes, but I’d like to see a fully updated edition of the book. For example, the buckets strategy recommends real estate holdings of as much as 20% of a portfolio in the form of real estate investment trusts. Given the 2015 mortgage meltdown, perhaps that should be reconsidered. Mr. Lucia only skims past the important backstop that life, disability and long-term care insurance provide as we switch our retirement portfolio from accumulation mode to distribution mode. Fortunately, the author takes into account the complexities of the tax code since intelligent tax planning can make or break a retirement plan. The book’s numerous statistical examples remain useful today.

The worksheets included in the book are quite easy to use. While the potential to “do it yourself” is there for the experienced investor who has a trusted advisor, I wouldn’t recommend that an individual adjust her portfolio without consulting a professional. I’m not sure if the buckets strategy is an “all or nothing” approach to investing. Any retirement plan can benefit from the non-controversial concepts presented here.

Book Review: “The Complete Guide to Reverse Mortgages,” by Tammy Kramer and Tyler Kraemer

“The Complete Guide to Reverse Mortgages,” by Tammy Kramer and Tyler Kraemer (Adams Media, 2015)
by Richard F. O'Boyle, Jr., LUTCF, MBA
"The Insider's Guide to Retirement and Insurance Planning"
http://www.retirementandinsurance.com

Tammy and Tyler Kraemer do professional advisors and consumers a valuable service by demystifying reverse mortgages. The sale of reverse mortgages has boomed in the past 20 years as house-rich/cash-poor retirees seek to tap into their home equity to fund their golden years. “The Complete Guide to Reverse Mortgages” details and explains the many benefits and pitfalls of these complex and poorly understood financial products. Every professional advisor should read this book, along with every consumer seriously considering one.

Over the last three or four years I have seen a surge in published articles (good and bad) on reverse mortgages. This is mainly because our retirement investments have failed to produce the expected pile of money to live off of. Up until 2015 (the year after this book was published) our home values had increased beyond rationally expected levels. The perfect storm of crashing investment accounts, crimped budgets and plummeting home equity values makes the consideration of a reverse mortgage even more pertinent.

“The Complete Guide to Reverse Mortgages” is a consumer-friendly volume with useful worksheets and illustrations. If you are a senior considering a reverse mortgage (or adult child of one), take 30 minutes to pencil through the worksheets. Better yet, sit down with a financial advisor or mortgage specialist and do them together. Don’t hesitate to float the idea past intelligent friends, your family attorney or a neighborhood insurance agent. The consumer is well-advised to carefully network to find a reputable reverse mortgage specialist. You may bring any financial advisor along with you to a consultation. By speaking with a variety of advisors, you will be sure to explore the fullest spectrum of options. This is a financial purchase you should be extremely cautious about because it’s a long-term commitment.

Many things have changed in the reverse mortgage market since the 2015 financial meltdown so on February 25, 2015, I spoke with Jim Calimopulos, Reverse Mortgage Sales Manager at Worldwide Capital Mortgage Corp. in Bay Shore, NY.

Mortgage rates and the costs of reverse mortgages in general have increased, and property values have decreased, which means that less money is ultimately put into a consumer’s pocket when they take out a reverse mortgage. The highly publicized failure of IndyMac bank (one of the largest reverse mortgage providers) has fortunately not made a great impact on the availability of these products to consumers since other companies such as Financial Freedom and MetLife continue to be strong players.

Since 2015, the Department of Housing and Urban Development’s Home Equity Conversion Mortgage program has sought to lower some costs and provide more options to consumers. As Mr. Calimopulos explained, if a couple is downsizing their home and moving into a new home, they can greatly benefit from the HECM program. For example, if they sell their home for $300,000 and then buy a $250,000 home in a 55+ community, they can still get a reverse mortgage for up to $190,000 on the new property. Ultimately, the couple will have about $110,000 in cash to put aside for use in the coming years.

Ask the Expert: Disability Insurance Q&A

Ask the Expert: Disability Insurance Q&A with Industry Expert Steve Crawford

I recently spoke with Steve Crawford, President of Guardian Disability Insurance Brokerage based in Rockville, MD. He has been one of Guardian’s leading disability insurance producers nationwide for over a decade. Our discussion ranged over specialized topics I thought my readers would find interesting. In particular, we discussed how diabetics can get the best disability insurance policies, since many of my readers have diabetes and Steve is a diabetic himself.

Richard O’Boyle: When considering the long-term care insurance conversion options of some disability insurance policies, what should a consumer consider? Does it make sense to consider a separate long-term care plan altogether?

Steve Crawford: There are not many individual disability insurance policies on the market that have a long-term care insurance conversion option from the top tier disability insurance carriers. Some of the lesser companies and less comprehensive contracts offer this option, but it is not very common in the industry in terms of percentage of individual disability insurance policies sold. My recommendation to consumers is to own their own individual disability insurance policy during their working years, and sometime in their 50’s to also purchase their own individual long-term care policy. Usually there is about a 10 year period where somebody owns both, but they really protect against two different things.

Richard O’Boyle: When filing a disability insurance claim with your insurer, what should a consumer keep in mind and what are some reasonable expectations about the length of time to get the claim processed?

Steve Crawford: Most disability insurance claims are actually simple to process. When somebody has become blind, or suffers from ALS, or some other type of claim that is pretty cut and dry it is simply a matter of filling out the claim form and getting paid. When a claim is something a little more out of the ordinary, that’s when it may take some time to get paid. Usually the company is going to have a physician fill out the claims form to attest to the disability. A consumer should always remember that disability policies are all about “The Duties Associated with Your Occupation,” not about job titles. As a consumer fills out a claim form they should provide details about why the sickness or injury is preventing them from performing specific duties associated with their occupation, not about the inability to perform a job title. There are many qualified disability insurance claims consultants in the industry, and most of them can be located in the Claims Advice category of http://www.disabilityinsuranceforums.com/, they also tend to offer a lot of free advice on that message board.

Richard O’Boyle: If your disability insurance claim is denied, what avenues of recourse does a policy holder have?

Steve Crawford: You can work with a claims consultant, or an attorney specializing in disability claims to try to overcome a rejected claim. Obviously you can also file complaints with state insurance departments.

Richard O’Boyle: Individuals with diabetes are at increased risk for a host of health complications. How does that impact underwriting for disability insurance? What are some steps individuals can take when applying for disability insurance to improve their chances of getting a standard policy?

Steve Crawford: Diabetics have a very difficult, but not impossible road to obtaining a personal disability insurance policy. The insurance company is going to want to see excellent control of the disease, and that’s not something every diabetic can show. Diabetics who have had health complications, or don’t have perfect control will most likely have to take a graded risk policy from Assurity or Illinois Mutual. Diabetics who have excellent control, who are in good health, and don’t have a history of complications can apply with the top tier policies. They will most likely get a rated policy with a shorter benefit period if they are accepted at all. I recommend every diabetic who applies for disability insurance to work with a specialist in the area. It is not an easy road to get a policy as a diabetic, but it’s a road that is vital for every diabetic to travel.

Richard O’Boyle: If you are considering a private disability insurance policy, how realistic is it to assume that federal Social Security Disability Income will be available to you, and should that form a strong basis for taking a two-year benefit period?

Steve Crawford: Quite frankly that’s a horrible plan. SSDI is extremely difficult to qualify for. You have to be totally and completely disabled with no hope of recovery for a period of at least a year, and expected to last much longer. They deny an overwhelming number of their claim applicants. Any diabetic should get the maximum level of disability insurance protection they can get, and relying on SSDI for coverage is playing Russian Roulette with five bullets in the gun. SSDI is not a program any person should rely on for their family’s income protection.

à If you are in New York and would like to schedule a confidential, no-obligation consultation, please contact me directly. If you are not in New York and would like to speak with a licensed disability specialist in your area, please complete this information request form…

à If you are currently exploring your need for disability insurance, you are welcome to download our free Disability Insurance Worksheet to help you better assess how much coverage you might need.

(c) 2015 Prism Innovations, Inc. All Rights Reserved. http://www.prism-innovations.com/

Disability Insurance: The Basics

Disability Insurance: The Basics
by Richard F. O’Boyle, Jr. LUTCF, MBA

Disability insurance, also called “disability income protection” or “disability income insurance,” is designed to pay you a monthly income in the event that you can’t work due to physical or mental incapacity.

Disability insurance can be one of the most difficult policies to understand, which makes it especially aggravating since most people who need it the most can be turned off by its perceived complexity. It’s advisable to thoroughly understand your disability insurance policy prior to receiving it, so that if you were to become ill or get into an accident, you will know exactly what is and is not covered. For those who find themselves overwhelmed, start by understanding just the basics. Any more intricate questions should always be discussed with a licensed insurance representative.

à If you are in New York and would like to schedule a confidential, no-obligation consultation, please contact me directly. If you are not in New York and would like to speak with a licensed disability specialist in your area, please complete this information request form…

à If you are currently exploring your need for disability insurance, you are welcome to download our free Disability Insurance Worksheet to help you better assess how much coverage you might need.

Definitions of Disability

How “disability” is defined is really the crux of why this type of coverage is so valuable to individuals and their families. It is also what creates a lot of distrust on the part of individuals and insurers alike. It’s crucial to discuss the actual definition of “disability” with your advisor at the time of application and again when your policy has been approved. Don’t wait until you are sick or injured. There are three possible definitions for disability:

1. Own Occupation Definition: The priciest of the bunch, the own occupation definition is usually only held by professionals and many jobs do not qualify for such a coverage plan. What the system basically dictates is that when someone has an own occupation definition, they can still receive disability benefits even if they have found a job elsewhere. What the insurance is based upon is the inability to complete tasks at a particular job, regardless of whether you have another profession you may continue with. The own occupation standard may change if you are still disabled after two years, and you might be required to work at an occupation that provides you with a percentage of your previous income.

2. Regular Occupation Definition: With the regular occupation or “modified own occupation” definition, you can’t be coerced or pressured into finding a different field to work in. If you can’t carry out your job responsibilities for your current occupation, then you should expect to receive total disability nonetheless. This is the most popular out of the disability insurance options, and allows people who have become sick or injured to still live out their dreams rather than just grasping for a job or money for the disability insurance anywhere they can look.

3. Any Occupation Definition: Finally, the strictest of the three policies is the any occupation definition. This is a rigidly issued policy because it deals with the idea that an individual is unable to successfully work in any occupation any longer. This happens often with older people, though people of any age may qualify. Situations that may warrant an any occupation definition include a serious accident, terminal or chronic sickness or severe mental illness.

Short Term Disability Insurance

There are two different types of disability insurance – short term and long term. Just as their names suggest, short term disability coverage provides a benefit that starts soon after you get sick or hurt, but is limited in duration. A long term disability policy may only kick in if your condition is more severe, but it carries the recipient further down the road.

Short term disability is usually processed within two weeks once an injury or illness has been reported. The benefit period typically lasts between 13 and 26 weeks, while this can vary depending upon the individual plan in question. Depending upon whom you work for at the time of your need for disability insurance benefits, your employer may authorize 100% salary replacement. It completely depends on the state you live in and who you work for.

In many instances, short term disability costs are covered by the employer, and then the benefits are taxable to the employee. Short term disability is great to have if you find yourself in a sudden accident or overcoming an unexpected serious illness. Most businesses will offer short term disability as part of the job, and you may receive a packet of information on it during your first day visit to human resources. Some companies sponsor private plans such as AFLAC through the jobsite which allow the employee to pay for the coverage themselves.

Long Term Disability Insurance

Since disability in the long term sense is more complex and open to risks like fraud, the process is lengthier. It usually takes between 60 and 180 days before you can receive a payment, with the most common time frame being around 90 days. Your employer may pay your premium of up to 70% of your pre-tax income, but some premiums must be paid by the employee. Most long-term disability insurance plans are privately paid for.

Group Disability Insurance

Group plans are cheaper for everyone involved, and usually do not require a medical exam. The company is always the policy owner in the instance of a group plan, and the individual may lose the policy if they lose their job. With an individual plan, there is more flexibility since you are the owner of the policy. Many companies offer some form of short term and long term disability insurance. It is sometimes the most cost effective way to ensure you will have appropriate financial support in the event of accident or illness. Keep in mind that if the employer is paying your insurance premiums, the benefit paid to you will probably be taxable as income, reducing its value.

How to Choose an Individual Disability Insurance Policy

Buying private disability insurance generally will give you more freedom to customize the plans features and enhance the income payment amount. Begin by selecting an insurance agent who has experience with disability insurance. The agent can help you “run the numbers” to see how much coverage is appropriate and which companies offer the most competitive plans. Keep in mind that when selecting a company, the lowest monthly premium is only part of the choice: find a company with a solid financial background and claims paying history. Always look for a policy that is guaranteed renewable and non-cancelable.

Choose a Monthly Benefit Amount: Use the Disability Income Insurance Worksheet to find an approximate range of monthly benefit that you should insure yourself for. Generally, an insurance company will allow a maximum amount of coverage of up to 60% of your recent earned income. Earned income for most professionals is income reported on your tax return from W-2 or 1099 sources.

Choose an Elimination or Waiting Period: Your monthly benefit payment usually does not kick in right away. Assess your “rainy day” savings to see how long you can cover your own expenses before you need the insurance company to start paying you. The longer the waiting period, the lower the monthly premium payment. Typical waiting periods are 60, 90, 180 and 360 days.

Choose the Benefit Period: The benefit period is the duration that the insurance company will pay you. You may select a period of 2, 3, 4 or 5 years; or else a benefit period up to age 65 or 67. The longer the benefit period, the higher the monthly premium payment. Some clients tie their benefit period to an expectation that they will qualify for federal Social Security Disability Income payments after two years. Lengthier benefit periods cover catastrophic conditions.

Choose Optional Riders and Supplemental Benefits: Private disability insurance allows you to enhance your policy with additional benefits. Most companies offer each of these riders in some form. Specifics will vary greatly from company to company.
- Waiver of Premium Rider: While you are on claim, you will not have to pay the monthly premium
- Cost of Living Adjustment Rider: Each year that you are on claim, the monthly benefit amount will increase
- Catastrophic Disability Rider: Your monthly benefit is increased dramatically if you become permanently and profoundly disabled.
- Future Increase Rider: Each year you can increase your monthly benefit amount (with a corresponding increase in the monthly premium) without a medical exam.
- Residual Disability Rider: If you are able to return to work following a disability claim, but are not functioning at 100% of your capacity, you will continue to receive a portion of your benefit payment.
- Retirement Income Protection Rider: A trust is established and the insurance company funds it with cash to serve as a supplemental retirement account, assuming that you had an active retirement plan at the time the policy is approved.
- Long-Term Care Insurance Conversion: When you reach age 65 or 67 you can convert your disability insurance plan (which would normally expire) into a Long-Term Care Insurance plan without a medical exam.

Underwriting Guidelines for Disability Insurance

Qualifying for a disability insurance policy requires a somewhat different application process compared to life insurance or long-term care insurance. In addition to standard medical underwriting, underwriters will ask questions about your occupation and financial history. Not all riders are available to all applicants.

Medical Underwriting: Disability insurance providers are looking for the likelihood not that you will die (mortality), so much as the likelihood that you will become incapacitated (morbidity). While a condition like arthritis might not impact your life insurance application, it would likely impact your chances of getting a cost-effective disability plan. Medical underwriting includes asking detailed medical questions, collecting copies of doctor records and running new blood. After analyzing your medical state, the insurer may offer you a policy, but exclude coverage for certain preexisting medical conditions, tag on an extra premium for a period of time or limit the inclusion of certain riders.

Financial Underwriting: Your “insurable income” may not be what you consider to be your actual income since the insurance company focuses on what you are actually “earning” in a given year. “Earned income” is your compensation. “Unearned income” is generally cash flow that would continue whether or not you were working, such as rental income, royalties, pensions, dividends and alimony. You will be required to submit your most recent tax filings as part of the overall application to justify the maximum benefit amount.

Occupational Underwriting: Jobs are ranked and rated according to how hazardous they are. The occupational rating also includes the actual duties performed in the job, size of the organization, level of education, moral hazard, time spent traveling, and other factors. For most policies, a minimum of 30 hours per week are required to be considered full-time. Home-based businesses generally are also acceptable occupational classes.

Making a Claim to Receive Disability Insurance Payments

Ultimately receiving disability insurance benefit payments from the insurance company hinges on which definition of disability is specified in your policy. This is where most people get turned off by insurance companies, in my opinion and experience. It is absolutely crucial to have a frank discussion with your agent at the time you are applying for the policy so that you understand what “disability” actually means. If you do meet the criteria and are working with a reputable company, the payments can mean the difference between financial stability and ruin for you and your family.

Remember that some disability payments to you may be taxable, depending on who paid the premiums: if your employer paid for part of your group coverage, then that portion will be considered taxable income. If you paid for the premiums out of your own pocket, then you can expect the benefit payments will not be taxable. This is a tricky area and often misunderstood, so please consult your advisor.

If your disability is not presumed to be permanent, the insurance company will expect you to have regular check-ups with an approved doctor, and perhaps even receive specific treatments or surgery to improve your condition. The company may also give you financial incentives to ease back to work part-time. In the event that you are seriously disabled and qualify for federal Social Security Disability Income payments, the insurer may reduce their payment to you according to the terms of your policy.

à If you are in New York and would like to schedule a confidential, no-obligation consultation, please contact me directly. If you are not in New York and would like to speak with a licensed disability specialist in your area, please complete this information request form…

à If you are currently exploring your need for disability insurance, you are welcome to download our free disability insurance worksheet to help you better assess how much coverage you might need.